Energy Policies in the European Union: Germany’s Ecological Tax Reform
Energy Policies in the European Union: Germany’s Ecological Tax Reform

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构建公共财政体系是我国目前财政改革的发展方向。公共财政中,收入是手段,支出才为目的,公共财政支出是公共财政的核心内容。目前我国处于社会主义初级阶段,以发展生产力为主,“效率优先,兼顾公平”,是现阶段要遵循的准则。财政支出效率是公共财政支出研究的核心问题,是对政府提供公共产品和公共服务职能进行考核和评价的关键。 依据公共财政理论,市场失灵的问题必须由政府采用适当手段予以干预。林业相关公共部门作为政府部门,对林业市场失灵的领域应该适当干预。由于林业的基本产品,即森林属于公共产品,森林的生长周期长,投资风险大,具有市场信息不对称、收支不对称的外部性特征,这些都要求林业相关公共部门承担林业公共产品和公共服务供给的职责,这也必然要求林业相关公共部门通过财政资源的合理配置,灵活采用预算、贴息、补贴、转移支付、税收等财政手段,对林业提供财政政策支持和资金保障。 改革开放三十年来,我国经济得到快速发展。但是,现有经济增长方式常常伴以掠夺式的资源利用为代价。现在,我国生态与环境急剧恶化,污染加剧,旱灾水灾频频发生,加上全球气候变暖等外因,公众对生态与环境的公共需求急剧膨胀。政府因此加大了对林业的总体财政支出,主要任务就是恢复我国林业的生态系统,维护生物多样性,促进经济增长方式的根本性改变,实现经济社会的可持续发展。 我国属于发展中国家,财政资金短缺,而政府对林业的总体财政支出还将继续增长。林业财政支出效率的研究,有助于客观评价林业部门提供公共产品和公共服务的能力,也有助于提高我国林业财政支出效率,提高国家对于财政资源的整体配置效率。 本书将公共财政支出的效率理论和评价方法用于林业财政支出的效率分析,建立了林业财政支出效率的理论分析框架,对我国林业财政支出的效率进行了界定。从林业财政支出的主体和客体的定位,深入分析林业财政支出的规模效率、结构效率和综合使用效率,初步构建了林业财政支出的效率评价框架。 现阶段林业财政支出的86%以上用于林业公共工程,这些工程的实施主体主要是县级公共部门。本书以县级层面林业公共工程的典型案例为重点,深入研究林业财政支出的综合使用效率及其评价。通过运用公共财政支出效率的评价工具——社会成本效益评价,从林业公共支出的社会成本、社会收益的辨别与界定,结合公共工程资金特点选取折现率,并从公共工程的短期、中期和长期工期,分别进行了成本效益的敏感性分析,最后通过益本比的折现分析对林业公共工程的支出效率进行评价。对于重大林业公共工程进行具体量化的成本效益评价是相关研究的重点和难点,对此,本书进行了深入具体的计算和分析。 本书认为,从林业财政支出的用途来看,其主体、客体与公共财政的要求基本一致,但政府依然存在越位和严重缺位。从林业财政支出的使用现状来看,整体是有效的,但配置效率仍然有待提高。林业财政支出结构不合理是阻碍林业财政支出效率提高的主要原因。现有林业公共工程的支出可行且有效率,但是需要建立更为有效的林业生态效益补偿机制。最后,本书初步建立了林业财政支出效率的评价框架。 本书提出了提高林业的生产效率和财政资源的配置效率的保障性政策建议,包括:加强林业产权制度,强化法律法规约束保障,从根本上保障林业财政支出的效率;完善财政分级管理制度,优化林业财政支出结构效率,提高林业公共产品供给能力;调整国家预算编制制度,优化林业财政支出结构,提供科学合理的资金保障;借鉴国外有益经验,实现林业投资的多元化,有效提高林业财政支出的效率;建立以效率评价为核心的林业财政支出的项目管理制度,优化财政资金分配;研究林业公共工程中受益者对受损者的补偿,利用生态效益补偿手段解决林业资源的经济外部性问题。

  • Released: November 16, 2020
  • Author: P.J.J. Welfens,B. Meyer,W. Pfaffenberger,P. Jasinski,A. Jungmittag
  • Rating: 4,9
  • Publisher: Ebook DIgital Agency
  • Total Page: 464 pages
  • File Size: 3670 KB

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